题文
Before the 1850’s, the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them dating from colonial（殖民的）days. They were small, church connected institutions whose primary concern was to shape the moral character of their students.Throughout Europe, institutions of higher learning had developed, bearing the ancient name of university. In German university was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not morals. Between mid-century and the end of the 1800’s, more than nine thousand young Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home, went to Germany for advanced study. Some of them return to become presidents of admired colleges－Harvard, Yale, Columbia－and transform them into modern universities. The new presidents broke all ties with the churches and brought in a new kind of faculty. Professors were hired for their knowledge of a subject, not because they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm for disciplining students. The new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a faculty made up of teacher-scholars. Drilling and learning by memorization were replaced by the German method of lecturing, in which the professor’s own research was presented in class. Graduate training leading to the Ph.D., an ancient German degree representing the highest level of advanced scholarly achievement, was introduced. With the establishment of the seminar system, graduate student learned to question, analyze, and conduct their own research.
At the same time, the new university greatly expanded in size and course offerings, breaking completely out of the old, restricted curriculum of mathematics, classics, rhetoric, and music. The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system, by which students were able to choose their own course of study. The new goal was to make the university relevant(相关的) to the real pursuits（追求） of the world.
解析
文章介绍了美国旧大学的弊端和新大学的发展，从教授的聘用，教授的课程和方法都有了很大的改变。新的原则是在大学开创新知识，并把它传下去。
小题1:主旨题：从全篇文章看，这篇文章讲的是美国大学的发展，所以填：universities
小题2:原词重现：从第一段的句子：They were small, church connected institutions whose primary concern was to shape the moral character of their students. 可知以前的大学是要是塑造学生的道德观：the moral character
小题3:句意理解题：从第二段的句子：In German university was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not morals.可知在德国的大学主要考虑的是创造传播知识。所以填 their/the primary concern
小题4:原词重现：从第二段的句子：Between mid-century and the end of the 1800’s, more than nine thousand young Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home, went to Germany for advanced study. 可知很多美国年轻人到德国去深造：For advanced study
小题5:归纳词：右边的内容都是这种现象带来的影响：Effects/ Influences
小题6:句意理解题：从第二段的句子：Professors were hired for their knowledge of a subject, not because they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm for disciplining students. 可知招了很多有学术知识的教授，Hiring professors
小题7:句意理解题：从第二段的句子：The new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on,可知新的原则是在大学开创新知识，并把它传下去。填 passing it on
小题8:原词重现：从第二段的句子：Drilling and learning by memorization were replaced by the German method of lecturing, in which the professor’s own research was presented in class.可知是将新的演讲法传入课堂。填 lecturing
小题9:词性转化题：从最后一段的句子：The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system, by which students were able to choose their own course of study.可知哈佛校长在选课制度上起了先锋带头作用，因为同列的句子都是动名词开头，所以填Pioneering
小题10:原词重现：从最后一段的句子：The new goal was to make the university relevant(相关的) to the real pursuits（追求） of the world. 可知这是大学的新的目标：Goal / Purpose
考点
据考高分专家说，试题“Before the 1850’s, t.....”主要考查你对 [序数词 ]考点的理解。序数词
序数词的概念：
表示顺序的数称为序数词。如：first, second, third, fourth。
序数词的构成与用法：
1、序数词的构成：
①一般来说，是由相应的基数词加词尾th构成。
例：four＋th→fourth
six＋th→sixth
seven＋th→seventh
ten＋th→tenth
②下面这些基数词在变为序数词时，有特殊的变化。
例：one→first
two→second
three→third
five→fifth
eight→eighth
nine→ninth
twelve→twelfth
③十位整数序数词的构成方法是将基数词的词y变成i，然后再加eth。
例：twenty→twentieth
thirty→thirtieth
forty→fortieth
ninety→ninetieth
④两位或两位以上的基数词变成序数词时，仅将个位数变成序数词。
例：twenty－one→twenty－first
thirty－five→thirty－fifth
a hundred and fifty－three→a hundred and fifty－third
2、序数词的用法：
①序数词在使用时，一般加上定冠词。
例：the first book
the second floor
the third day
the fourth week．
②序数词在多数情况下都用作定语，有的也可以作表语、主语和宾语。
例：The may1st is Labour Day. 五月一日是劳动节。
My room is on the second floor. 我的房间在二楼。
The first is larger than the secon.（主语）第一个比第二个大。
Read the book from the first.（宾语）从开头读这本书。
You'll be the sixth to write.（表语）你将是第六个写的。
③序数词的前面可以加上不定冠词，用来表示“再一”，“又一”的意思。
例：You may have a third try. 你可以第三次尝试。
序数词知识体系：
约数的表达方法：
用tens/dozens/scores/hundreds/thousands/millions of 表示“几十、几百、上千、成千上万”等。
如：The boy bought dozens of pencils.
Thousands of people died in the earthquake.
注意： (A)：dozen, score, hundred, thousand, million等表示确切数量时，不用复数。
如：five dozen (of) eggs 五打鸡蛋
hree hundred people 三百个人
分数词的构成和用法：
1）分数词构成法：
分数词（FractionalNumerals）由基数词和序数词构成，基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。除了分子为1的情况下，序数词都要用复数形式：
如：1/4：one-fourth
5/9：five-ninths
2/3：two-thirds
17/5：three and two-fifths
7/12：seven-twelfths
379/8：forty-seven and three-eighths
此外还有下面表示法：
如：1/2：a(one) half
1/4：a(one) quarter
3/4：three-quarters
9/4：two and a quarter
3/2：one and half
31/4：seven and three quarters
